EMS Particular Patient Populations - Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

EMS Providers play a crucial role in providing emergency care to individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Here are some key points they should know:

1. Recognition & Understanding:

   • Recognize that ASD is a developmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors.
   • Understand that individuals with ASD may present with a wide range of behaviors and communication styles, and their responses to sensory stimuli may be different from those without ASD.

2. Communication:

   • Communicate calmly and clearly with individuals with ASD, using simple language and avoiding complex medical jargon.
   • Be patient and allow extra time for individuals with ASD to process information and respond to questions or instructions.
   • Use visual aids or written instructions if necessary to enhance understanding.

3. Sensory Sensitivities:

   • Be aware that individuals with ASD may have heightened sensory sensitivities to noise, light, touch, or other stimuli.
   • Minimize sensory triggers in the environment whenever possible, such as dimming lights or reducing noise levels.
   • Approach the patient calmly and avoid sudden movements or loud noises that may escalate anxiety or agitation.

4. Behavior Management:

   • Recognize that individuals with ASD may exhibit behaviors such as repetitive movements, self-stimulation, or difficulty with transitions.
   • Avoid restraining or overwhelming the individual with ASD unless absolutely necessary for their safety or the safety of others.
   • Use de-escalation techniques such as providing a quiet space, offering comfort items, or using positive reinforcement to manage challenging behaviors.

5. Medical Assessment:

   • Conduct a thorough medical assessment while being mindful of the individual's sensory sensitivities and communication style.
   • Gather information from caregivers or family members about the individual's medical history, medications, and any specific needs or preferences.
   • Consider the possibility of co-occurring medical conditions or injuries that may require attention in addition to the primary reason for the EMS call.

6. Safety Considerations:

   • Ensure the safety of both the individual with ASD and EMS providers during the assessment and transport process.
   • Secure the scene and remove any potential hazards or triggers from the environment.
   • Provide reassurance and support to caregivers or family members who may be present and involved in the care of the individual with ASD.

7. Cultural Competence:

   • Recognize and respect the diversity within the autism community, including differences in communication styles, cultural backgrounds, and support needs.
   • Avoid making assumptions or stereotypes about individuals with ASD and their caregivers.
   • Collaborate with community resources, autism advocacy organizations, and support networks to enhance cultural competence and provide inclusive care.

By incorporating these considerations into their practice, EMS providers can effectively assess and manage emergencies involving individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder, ensuring their safety, comfort, and well-being throughout the emergency response process.

Further Reading:

Alexander, M. & Belle, R. (2017) Advanced EMT: A Clinical Reasoning Approach (2nd Ed). Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education

Bledsoe, B. E., Cherry, R. A. & Porter, R. S (2023) Paramedic Care: Principles and Practice (6th Ed) Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson

Mistovich, J. J. & Karren, K. J. (2014) Prehospital Emergency Care (11th Ed). Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education

Peate, I. & Sawyer, S (2024) Fundamentals of Applied Pathophysiology for Paramedics. Hoboken, New Jersey:  Wiley Blackwell